![[U. S. Geological Survey]](small1.gif)
References
Airey, P.L., Calf, G.E., Campbell, B.L., Hartley, P.E. and Roman, D., 1978. Aspects of the isotopic hydrology of the Great Artesian Basin. In: Proceedings, IAEA/UNESCO Symposium on Isotope Hydrology. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 205-219.
Allison, G.B., and Barnes, C.J., 1985. Estimation of evaporation from the normally "dry" Lake Frome in South Australia. Jour. of Hydrol., 78: 229-242.
Allison, G.B. and Barnes, C.J., 1990. Estimation of evaporation from non-vegetated surfaces using natural Deuterium. Nature, 301: 143-145.
Allison, G.B., Barnes, C.J. and Hughes, M.W., 1983. Distribution of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in dry soils: II Experimental. Jour. of Hydrol., 64: 377-397.
Araguas-Araguas, L., Rozanski, K., Gonfiantini, R. and Louvat, D., 1995. Isotope Effects Accompanying Vacuum Extraction of Soil Water for Stable Isotope Analysis. Jour. of Hydrol., 168: 159-171.
Barnes, C.J. and Allison, G.B., 1983. Distribution of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in dry soil: I Theory. Jour. of Hydrol., 60: 141-146.
Barnes, C.J. and Allison, G.B., 1984. Distribution of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in dry soils: III Theory for non-isothermal water movement. Jour. of Hydrol., 74: 119-135.
Benson, L. and Klieforth, H., 1989. Stable Isotopes in Precipitation and Groundwater in the Yucca Mountain Region, Southern Nevada: Paleoclimatic Implications. AGU Geophysical Monograph, 55: 41-59.
Bentley, H.W., Phillips, F.M., and Davis, S.N., 1986. Chlorine-36 in the terrestrial environment, in Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 1B, The Terrestrial Environment, P. Fritz and J. Ch. Fontes (Eds). Elsevier, New York, pp. 427-480.
Bottomley, D.J., Craig, D. and Johnston, L.M., 1986. Oxygen-18 studies of snowmelt runoff in a small Precambrian shield watershed: Implications for streamwater acidification in acid-sensitive terrain. Jour. of Hydrol., 88: 213-234.
Browne, E. and Firestone, R.B., 1986. Table of Radioactive Isotopes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 900 p.
Budyko, M.I., 1951. O. Klimaticheskikh Factorakh Stoka, Problemyfiz Geog., 16: 41-48.
Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L.N., 1992. Use of Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as hydrologic tracers and age-dating tools: The alluvium and terrace system of central Oklahoma. Water Resour. Res., 28: 2257-2283.
Collerson, K.D., Ullman, W.J. and Torgersen, T., 1988. Ground waters with unradiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Geology, 16: 59-63.
Cook, P.G., Jolly, I.D., Leaney, F.W., Walker, G.R., Allan, G.L., Fifield, L.K. and Allison, G.B., 1994. Unsaturated Zone Tritium and Chlorine-36 Profiles from Southern Australia: Their use as Tracers of Soil Water Movement. Water Res. Resour., 30: 1709-1719.
Cook, P.G. and Solomon, D.K., 1995. The transport of atmospheric trace gases to the water table: implications for groundwater dating with chlorofluorocarbons and krypton 85. Water Resour. Res., 31: 263-270.
Craig, H., 1961. Isotope variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133: 1702-1703.
Dinçer, T., Payne, B.R., Florkowske, T., Martinec, J. and Tongiorgi, E., 1970. Snowmelt runoff from measurements of Tritium and Oxygen-18. Water Res. Resour., 5: 110-124.
Dunkle, S.A., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Phillips, P.J. Denver, J.M., Hamilton, P.A., Michel, R.L. and Coplen, T.B., 1993. Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States. Water Resour. Res., 29: 3837-3860.
Ekwurzel, B. Schlosser, P., Smetthie, W.M., Jr., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Michel, R.L., Weppernig, R. and Stute, M., 1994. Dating of shallow groundwater-Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr. Water Resour. Res., 30: 1693-1708.
Fontes, J.Ch., Yousfi, M. and Allison, G.B., 1986. Estimation of Long-Term Diffuse Groundwater Discharge in the Northern Sahara using Stable Isotope Profiles in Soil Water. Jour. of Hydrol., 86: 315-327.
Friedman, I., Redfield, A.C., Shoem, B. and Harris, J., 1964. The variations of the deuterium content of natural waters in the hydrologic cycle. Rev. Geophysics, 2: 177-224.
Friedman, I. and Smith, G.I., 1970. Deuterium content of snow cores from Sierra Nevada area. Science, 169: 467-470.
Friedman, I. and Smith, G.I., 1972. Deuterium content of snow as an index to winter climate in the Sierra Nevada area. Science, 176: 790-793.
Friedman, I., Smith, G.I., Gleason, J.D., Warden, A. and Harris, J.M., 1992. Stable Isotope compositions of waters in southeastern California: Part I, Modern precipitation. Jour. of Geophys. Res., 97: D5, 5795-5812.
Gat, J.R. and Carmi, I., 1970. Evolution of the isotopic composition of atmospheric waters in the Mediterranean Sea area. Jour. of Geophys. Res., 75: 3039-3048.
Gaye, C.B. and Edmunds, W.M., 1996. Groundwater recharge estimation using Chloride, stable isotopes and Tritium profiles in the sands of northwestern Senegal. Environmental Geology, 27(3): 246-251.
Gedzelman, S.D., and Lawrence, J.R., 1982. Isotope composition of cyclonic precipitation. Jour. of Appl. Meteorology, 21: 1385-1401.
Goldman, C.R., 1988. Primary Productivity Nutrients, and Transparency During the Early Onset of Eutrophication in Ultra-Oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnology and Oceanography, 33: 1321-1333.
Hinkle, S.R. and Snyder, D.T., 1997. Comparison of Chlorofluorocarbon-Age Dating with Paticle-Tracking Results of a Regional Ground-water Flow Model of the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2483, 47 p.
Hughs, M.W. and Allison, G.B., 1984. Deuterium and Oxygen 18 in Australian Rainfall. Div. Soils Tech. Pap. Aust. CSIRO, 46: 1-13.
IAEA, 1992. Statistical treatment of Data on Environmental Isotopes in Precipitation. IAEA, Vienna, 781 p.
Ingraham, N.L. and Criss, R.E., 1993. Effects of Surface Area and Volume on the Rate of Isotopic Exchange Between Water and Water Vapor. Jour. of Geophys. Res., 98(D11): 20,547-20,553.
Ingraham, N.L., Lyles, B.F., Jacobson, R.L. and J.W. Hess, 1991. Stable Isotopic Study of Precipitation and Spring Discharge in Southern Nevada. Jour. of Hydrol., 125: 243-258.
Ingraham, N.L. and Shadel, C., 1992. A Comparison of the Toluene Distillation and Vacuum/Heat Methods for Extracting Soil Water for Stable Isotopic Analysis. Jour. of Hydrol., 140: 371-387.
Ingraham, N.L. and Taylor, B.E., 1986. Hydrogen Isotope Study of Large-Scale Meteoric Water Transport in Northern California and Nevada. Jour. of Hydrol., 85: 183-197.
Ingraham, N.L. and Taylor, B.E., 1989. The Effect of Snowmelt on the Hydrogen Isotopic Ratios of Creek Discharge in Surprise Valley, California. Jour. of Hydrol., 106: 233-244.
Ingraham, N.L. and Taylor, B.E., 1991. Light Stable Isotope Systematics of Large-Scale Hydrologic Regimes in California and Nevada. Water Res. Resour., 27: 77-90.
Jenkins, W.J. and Clark, W.B., 1976. The Distribution of 3He in the Western Atlantic Deep Sea Research 23: 481-494.
Jones, K.R., Berney, O., Carra, D.P. and Barrett, E.C., 1981. Arid Zone Hydrology. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper #37, 96 p.
Lawrence, J.R., Gedzelman, S.D., White, J.W.C., Smiley, D. and Lazov, P., 1982. Storm trajectories in eastern US D/H isotopic composition of precipitation. Nature, 296: 638-640.
Leguy, C., Rindsberger, M., Zwangwil, A., Issar, A. and Gat, J.R., 1983. The relation between the 18O and Deuterium contents of rain water in the Negev Desert and air-mass trajectories. Chem. Geol. (Iso. Geo. Sec.), 1: 205-218.
Liu, B., Phillips, F., Hoines, S., Campbell, A.R. and Sharma, P., 1995. Water Movement in Desert Soil Traced by Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes, Chloride and Chlorine-36, Southern Arizona. Jour. of Hydrol., 168: 91-110.
Loosli, H.H., 1992. Applications of 37Ar, 39Ar and 85Kr in hydrology, oceanography and atmospheric studies: Current state of the art. In: Isotopes of Noble Gases as Tracers in Environmental Studies, IAEA - Panel Proceedings Series, Vienna, pp. 73-85.
Lyons, W.B., Tyler, S.W., Gaudette, H.E. and Long, D.T., 1995. The use of strontium isotopes in determining groundwater mixing and brine fingering in a playa spring zone, Lake Tyrrell, Australia. J. Hydrol., 167: 225-239.
Maggs, W.W., 1989. Warming Will Alter Water Resources. EOS, 70: 67-74.
Malberg, G.T. and Abd el Shafi, M.E., 1975. Application of environmental isotopes to selected hydrologic studies in Sudan. IAEA Report.
Margaritz, M., Aravena, R., Pena, H., Suzuki, O. and Grilli, A., 1989. Water Chemistry and Isotope Study of Streams and Springs in Northern Chile. Jour. of Hydrol., 108: 323-341.
Marine, I.W., 1979. The use of naturally occurring helium to estimate groundwater velocities for studies of geologic storage of radioactive waste. Water Resour. Res., 15: 1130-1136.
Mazor, E., Verhagen, B.Th., Sellschop, J.P.F., Jones, M.T., Robins, N.E., Hutton, L. and Jennings, C.M.H., 1977. Northern Kalahari groundwaters: hydrologic, isotopic and chemical studies at Orapa, Botswana. Jour. of Hydrol., 34: 203-234.
Mazor, E., 1993. Interrelations between groundwater dating, paleoclimate and paleohydrology. In: Isotope Techniques in the Study of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. IAEA, Vienna, 249-257.
McCarthy, T.S., McIver, J.R., and Verhagen, B.Th., 1991. Groundwater evolution, chemical sedimentation and carbonate brine formation on an island in the Okavango Delta swamp, Botswana. Appl. Geochem., 6: 577-595.
McKenna, S.A., Ingraham, N.L., Jacobson, R.L. and Cochran, G.F., 1992. A Stable Isotopic Study of Bank Storage Mechanisms in the Truckee River Basin. Jour. of Hydrol., 134: 203-219.
Merlivat, L. and Jouzel, J., 1979. Global climate interpretation of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 relationship for precipitation. Jour. of Geophys. Res., 84: 5029-5033.
Münnich K.O., Sonntag, C., Christmann, D. and Thoma, G., 1980. Isotope fractionation due to evaporation from sand dunes. 2. Mitt Zentralinst. Isot. Strahlenforsch., 29: 319-332.
Ndiaye, B., Aranyossy, J.F. and Faye, A., 1993. Le role de l'evaporation dans la formation des depressions piezometriques en Afrique sahelienne: hypothesis et modelisation. In: Les ressources en eau au Sahel. Tecdoc 721, IAEA, Vienna, 53-64.
Nativ, R. and Riggio, R., 1989. Meteorologic and Isotopic Characteristics of Precipitation Events with Implications for Groundwater Recharge, Southern High Plains. Atmos. Res., 23: 51-82.
Norris, A.E., Wolfsberg, K., Gifford, S.K., Bentley, H.W. and Elmore, D., 1987. Infiltration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, traced by 36Cl. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., B29: 376.
Peterman, Z.E., Stuckless, J.S., Mahan, S.A., Marshall, B.D., Gutentag, E.D. and Downey, J.S., 1992. Strontium isotope characterization of the Ash Meadows ground-water system, southern Nevada, USA. In: Y.K. Kharaka and A.S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 825-829.
Petrov, M.P., 1976. Deserts of the World. Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 447 p.
Phillips, F.M., Mattick, J.L., Duval, T.A., Elmore, D. and Kubik, P.W., 1988. Chlorine-36 and Tritium from Nuclear Weapons Fallout as Tracers for Long-term Liquid and Vapor Movement in Desert Soils. Water Res. Resour., 24: 1877-1891.
Randall, J.H. and Schultz, T.R., 1976. Chlorofluorocarbons as hydrologic tracers: A new technology. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, 6: 189-195.
Reilly, T.E., Plummer, L.N., Phillips, P.J. and Busenberg, E., 1994. The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer. Water Resour. Res., 30: 421-433.
Revesz, K. and Woods, P.H., 1990. A Method to Extract Soil Water for Isotopic Analysis. Jour. of Hydrol., 115: 397-406.
Rhode, A., 1981. Spring flood meltwater or groundwater? Nordic Hydrology, 12: 21-30.
Rindsberger, M., Margaritz, M., Carmi, I. and Gilad, D., 1983. The relation between air mass trajectories and the water isotope composition of rain in the Mediterranean Sea area. Geophys. Res. Lett., 10: 43-46.
Rozanski, K. and Florkowski, T., 1979. Krypton-85 dating of groundwater. In: Isotope Hydrology 1978, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 949-961.
Rozanski, K., Münnich, K.O. and Sonntag, C., 1982a. Modelling of stable isotope composition of atmospheric water vapour and precipitation. In: H.L. Schmidt, H. Foerstel and K. Heinzinger (Eds) Stable Isotopes. Analytical Chemistry Symposia Series, 11: 153-160.
Rozanski, K., Sonntag, C. and Münnich, K.O., 1982b. Factors controlling stable isotope composition of European precipitation. Tellus, 34: 142-150.
Rozanski, K., 1985. Deuterium and oxygen-18 in European groundwaters - links to atmospheric circulation in the past. Chem. Geol. (Iso. Geo. Sect.), 52: 349-363.
Sadler, W., 1990. A Deuterium-Calibrated, Discrete-State Compartment Model of Regional Groundwater Flow, Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. Unpublished Thesis, University of Nevada - Reno, 249 p.
Salati, E., Dall'Olio, A., Matsui, E. and Gat, J.R., 1979. Recycling of water in the Amazon basin: an isotopic study. Water Res. Resour., 15: 1250-1258.
Sami, K., 1992. Recharge mechanisms and geochemical processes in a semi-arid sedimentary basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Jour. of Hydrol., 139: 27-48.
Scanlon, B. R., 1992. Evaluation of liquid and vapor water flow in desert soils based on chlorine 36 and tritium tracers and nonisothermal flow simulations. Water Resour. Res., 28: 285.
Schalk, K., 1961. The water balance of the Uhlenhorst cloudburst in South West Africa. In: Inter-African Conference on Hydrology. Nairobi, CCTA Publ. 66, pp. 443-449.
Schlosser, P., 1992. Tritium/3He dating of waters in natural systems. In: Isotopes of Noble Gases as Tracers in Environmental Studies. Proceeding of a Consultants Meeting, IAEA, pp. 123-145.
Schultz, T.R., Randall, J.H., Wilson, L.G. and Davis, S.N., 1976. Tracing sewage effluent recharge - Tucson, Arizona. Groundwater, 14: 463-470.
Severinghaus, J.P., Broecker, W.S., Keeling, R.F., Deck, B., Miller, B.R., Weiss, R.F. and Bender, M.L., 1994. The importance of advection versus diffusion in vadose zone gas transport: evidence from gases in sand dunes. In: AGU 1994 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, p. 253.
Sharon, D., 1972. The Spottiness of Rainfall in a Desert Area. Jour. of Hydrol., 17: 161-175.
Shimojima, E., Curtis, A.A. and Turner, J.V., 1990. The Mechanism of Evaporation from Sand Columns with Restricted and Unrestricted Water Tables Using Deuterium Under Turbulent Airflow Conditions. Jour. of Hydrol., 117: 15-54.
Simpson, H.J., Hamza, M.S., White, J.W.C., Nada, A. and Awad, M.A., 1987. Evaporative Enrichment of Deuterium and 18O in Arid Zone Irrigation. In: Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development. IAEA-SM-299/125, pp. 241-256.
Simpson, H.J. and Herczeg, A.L., 1991. Stable Isotopes as an Indicator of Evaporation in the River Murray, Australia. Water Res. Resour., 27: 1925-1935.
Sklash, M.G. and Farvolden, R.N., 1979. The role of groundwater in storm runoff. Jour. of Hydrol., 43: 45-65.
Smith, G.I., Friedman, I., Klieforth, H. and Hardcastle, K., 1979. Areal distribution of deuterium in eastern California precipitation, 1968-1969. Jour. of Appl. Meteorology, 18: 172-188.
Smith, G.I., Friedman, I., Gleason, J.D. and Warden, A., 1992. Stable Isotope Compositions of Waters in Southeastern California: 2. Groundwaters and Their Relation to Modern Precipitation. Jour. of Geophys. Res., 97: 5813-5823.
Sonntag, C., Thoma, G., Münnich, K.O., Dinçer, T. and Klitzsch, E., 1980. Environmental isotopes in north African Groundwaters; and the Dahna sand-dune study, Saudi Arabia. In: Arid Zone Hydrology: Investigations with Isotope Techniques IAEA, Vienna, p. 77.
Sonntag, C., Klitsch, E., Loehnert, P., Munnich, K.O., El Shazly, E.M., Kalinke, C., Thorweihe, U., Weistroffer, K. and Swailem, F.M., 1978. Paleoclimatic information from Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in Carbon-14 dated north Saharian Groundwaters. In: Groundwater formation in the Past. Isotope Hydrology, Vienna, 1978, p. 569.
Space, M.L., Ingraham, N.L. and Hess, J.W., 1991. The use of Stable Isotopes in Quantifying Groundwater Discharge to a Partially Diverted Creek. Jour. of Hydrol., 129: 175-193.
Stute, M. and Sonntag, C., 1992. Paleotempertures derived from noble gases dissolved in groundwater and in relation to soil temperature. In: Isotopes of Noble Gases as Tracers in Environmental Studies, Proceedings of a consultants meeting on isotopes of noble gases as tracers in environmental studies, May 29 to June 2, 1989, IAEA, Vienna, 305 p.
Stute, M., Schlosser, P., Clark, J.F. and Broecker, W.S., 1992a. Paleotemperatures in the Southwestern United States derived from noble gases in ground water. Science, 256: 1000-1003.
Stute, M., Sonntag, C., Deak, J. and Schlosser, P., 1992b. Helium in deep circulating groundwater in the Great Hungarian Plain: flow dynamics and crustal and mantle helium fluxes. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 56: 2051-2067.
Thompson, G.M. and Hayes, J.M., 1979. Trichlorofluoromethane in groundwater - a possible tracer and indicator of groundwater age. Water Resour. Res., 15: 546-554.
Thompson, G.M. and Hayes, J.M. and Davis, S.N., 1974. Fluorocarbon tracers in hydrology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1: 177-180.
Torgersen, T., 1980. Controls on porefluid concentration of 4He and 222Rn and the calculation of 4He/Rn ages. J. Geochem. Explor., 13: 57-75.
Verhagen, B.Th., Mazor, E. and Sellschop, J.P.F., 1973. Radiocarbon and tritium evidence for direct rain recharge to groundwaters in the northern Kalahari. Nature, 249: 643-644.
Verhagen, B.Th., 1984. Environmental isotope study of a groundwater supply project in the Kalahari of Gordonia. In: Isotope Hydrology, 1983. IAEA-SM-270/50, Vienna, pp. 415-432.
Verhagen, B.Th., 1991. The isotope geohydrology of the Karoo Basin underlying the Kalahari Thirstland, southern Africa. In: Procs. International Conference on Groundwater in Large Sedimentary Basins, Perth, W. Australia, July 1990. Australian Water Resources Council; Conf. Series No.20, pp. 390-402.
Verhagen, B.Th., Geyh, M.A., Frolich, K. and Wirth, K. 1991. Isotope Hydrological Methods for the Quantitative Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, Development of a Methodology. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation. Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 3-8039-0352-1, 164 p.
Verhagen, B.Th., 1992. Detailed geohydrology with environmental isotopes: a case study at Serowe, Botswana. In: Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 345-362.
Verhagen, B.Th., Levin, M., Farr, J. and Gumiremhete, R., 1995. Groundwater recharge in the Kalahari: unravelling the evidence from Jwaneng mine to Palla Road, Botswana. Ground Water '95. Procs. Conf. on Ground water Recharge and Rural Water Supply, Midrand, South Africa. Ground Water Division. ISBN 0-620-19572-X. Paper 27.
Verhagen, B.Th., 1995. Semiarid zone groundwater mineralization processes as revealed by environmental isotope studies. In: Application of Tracers in Arid Zone Hydrology (E. Adar and C. Leibundgut, Eds.) IAHS Publication, No. 232, pp. 245-266.
Walker, G.R., Hughs, M.W., Allison, G.B. and Barnes, C.J., 1988. The movement of isotopes of water during evaporation from a bare soil surface. Jour. of Hydrol., 97: 181-197.
Walker, G.R. and P.H. Woods, 1991. Interlaboratory Comparison of Methods to Determine the stable isotopic Composition of Soil Water. Proc. Symp. on Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, IAEA, Vienna, IAEA Paper No. IAEA-SM-319/40, pp. 509-517.
Weeks, E.P., Earp, D.E. and Thompson, G.M., 1982. Use of atmospheric fluorocarbons F-11 and F-12 to determine the diffusion parameters of the unsaturated zone in the Southern High Plains of Texas. Water Resour. Res., 18: 1365-1378.
Wershaw, R.L., Friedman, I., Heller, S. J. and Frank, P.A., 1966. Hydrogen isotopic fractionation of water passing through trees. In: G.D. Hobson and G.C. Speers (Eds), Advances in Organic Geochemistry, Proceedings of the Third International Congress Pergamon Press, pp. 55-67.
Winograd, I.J. and Friedman, I., 1972. Deuterium as a tracer of regional ground-water flow, southern Great Basin, Nevada and California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83: 3691-3708.
Yurtsever, Y. and Gat, J.R., 1981. Atmospheric Waters. In: Stable Isotope Hydrology. Tech. Report Series No. 210 IAEA, Vienna, pp. 103-142.
Ziegler, H., Osborn, C.B., Stichler, W. and Trimborn, P., 1976. Hydrogen isotope discrimination in higher plants: Correlation with Photosynthetic Pathway and Environment, 128: 85-92.